The Military Forces Who Delivered Exemplary Performance

(Challenge Coins) Custom coins were primarily used to reward members of the military forces who delivered exemplary performance. This small coin features the organization’s distinctive logo. Members carry it as a proof of their membership. The use of Challenge coins started during the World War I where all members of the United States Navy Force, the Flying Squadron received bronze coins. History shows that one of their pilots successfully escapes captivity from the German troops. He fled to France, where they accused him of being a spy and sentenced him to death. The French forces were able to verify his identity through his bronze coin and saved him from the execution. Thereafter, the members of the armed forces created the medallion challenge. If a member cannot present his coin, he needs to pay a drink for the challenger. Nowadays, custom coins still serve as a symbol of camaraderie and solidarity among unit members. Its popularity extends to various organizations such as the fire department, police units, school clubs, weddings and many others. Customized coins feature unique elements distinct to the organization. Challenge coins are special coins containing inscription of the name and emblem of the organization. People with significant accomplishments acquire special coins as a form of recognition. For the military forces, custom coins are prized possessions. Fellow soldiers ensure that they take home the military coins of killed or wounded members. It is a greatShow MoreRelatedPia (Pakistan International Airline)4821 Words   |  20 PagesPakistan Government and Peoples Republic of China, PIA started flying to Beijing in 1964, becoming the first airline of a non-communist country flying to the Peoples Republic of China. At the outbreak of Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Pakistani Armed Forces seek PIAs services for logistics and transport purposes. The Viscounts were phased out in 1966 and were replaced by 4 Hawker Siddeley Tridents. These aircraft were later sold to Civil Aviation Administration of China. In the times 1970s: The 70sRead MoreEssence of Leadership6795 Words   |  28 Pagesdefinition that captures the essence of leadership. Effective Leadership and Leadership Development In answering the question ‘what makes an effective leader’ there are a number of factors to consider. A common measure is the extent to which the performance of the team or business unit is enhanced and how well the leader has guided the process towards goal attainment. Another indicator is the followers’ attitudes and perceptions of the leader. A third measure is the leader’s contribution to theRead MoreThe Ecological Kuznets Bend ( Ekc )6381 Words   |  26 Pagesthat the EKC results have an exceptionally wobbly factual establishment. Another era of decay and productive wilderness models can help unravel the genuine relations in the middle of improvement and the earth and may prompt the destruction of the exemplary EKC. Introduction: The world is rising up out of the most extreme financial emergency of our lifetimes. Yet, the social and human expenses are high, and the capacity of our economies to develop and thrive will depend like never before on the natureRead MoreTrends in Workplace17940 Words   |  72 PagesChinese saying May you live in interesting times has perhaps never been more relevant. As the 1990s draw to a close and the new millennium fast approaches, life is phenomenally interesting--and demanding. Professionals who are responsible for workplace learning and performance improvement are squarely in the center of the swirl of exciting possibilities--and requirements--that are emerging. The inextricable link between rapid technological change and the emergence of the global economy has createdRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 PagesSeptember 2012. The portions affected by this RAR are listed in the summary of change. Summary. This regulation implements DODI 1332.14 and DODI 1332.30. It prescribes the policy and responsibility of command, which includes well-being of the force, military and personal discipline and conduct, the Army Equal Opportunity Program, Prevention of Sexual Harassment, and the Army Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Program. Applicability. This regulation applies to the Active Army, the Army National Read MoreSustainable Solutions11923 Words   |  48 Pages(1990) discussion on enterprise strategy and corporate social responsibility, also define the success of a sustainable organization as an essential part of its strategic management. Specifically, â€Å"strategic management theory, suggests, superior performance comes from successful implementation of a strategy that matches organization skills and resources with environmental opportunity in ways that create competitive advantage†, (Meznar, Chrisman, Carroll). They give a definition of enterprise strategyRead MoreAnnual Report Rolls-Royce78484 Words   |  314 PagesAnd Technology Rolls-Royce Group plc Annual report 2010 Trusted to deliver excellence BUSIneSS reVIew 01 Introduction and highlights 02 Chairman’s statement 04 Chief Executive’s review 08 Our consistent strategy 20 Market outlook 22 Key performance indicators 26 Principal risks and uncertainties 28 Review of operations 28 civil aerospace 30 defence aerospace 32 marine 34 energy 36 engineering and technology 38 operations 40 Services 42 Sustainability 48 Finance Director’s review goVernAnce Read MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pages1998 658.4 012—dc21 98-9694 CIP ISBN 0-684 -84743-4 (hardcover) There are some people who begin the Zoo at the beginning, called WAYIN, and walk as quickly as they can past every cage until they come to the one called WAYOUT, but the nicest people go straight to the animal they love the most, and stay there. —A. A. Milne, in the Introduction to Winnie-The-Pooh We dedicate this book to such people who are more interested in open fields than closed cages. CONTENTS Embarkation 1 AndRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthat were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century world order. On the other, it perversely unleashed forces that would undermine Western world dominance and greatly constrict the forces advancing globalization, both of which can be seen as hallmarks of the opening decades of the twentieth century. This intermingling of the forces and processes that were arguably essential components 2 †¢ INTRODUCTION of two epochs we routinely set apart as centuriesRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesHuman Resource Management (MGT501) VU MGT - 501 T his subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations

What if Modern Knowledge Had Been Applied to the Black Plague

During the Black Plague, 1/3 of Europe’s population vanished. The reason is the poor education of the public and the terrible government policies. People were oppressed by the Catholic Church’s reign and scientists were killed on the spot for doing their job. To the people living in that time, the human race was all but lost. However, with the political and scientific knowledge of today, these problems were easily mendable. There are three simple methods that could have created a utopian society during the time of the Black Plague, almost completely liberated from oppression and disease. These ways are providing better sanitation to the populous, providing better healthcare to the masses, and using the First Amendment of the U.S.A.’s†¦show more content†¦One way of handling this is for the government or a special company to provide health insurance for those in needs. All that is necessary is for people who desire healthcare to pay fees and/or taxes on a regular basis and then get preset compensation for their health issues when necessary. Another method of providing good healthcare is to have good hospitals. Not only good ones, but enough hospitals so they don’t get overcrowded and everyone who needs healthcare can receive it. The hospitals need to have well-trained doctors and nurses and keep everything as sanitary as possible. The final way of preparing good healthcare for those in need is to push medical science. A lack of scientific education is largely what allowed the plague’s devastation to be so enormous. If more people joined the medical science field and more funds were supplied to it, hospitals would know what to do and a possible cure for the disease might have been created. However, science was highly oppressed during the time of the Black Plague. A solution we have only figured out in more recent times is to apply the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution in this situation. That way, people can be fr ee to do what they please and allow scientific discoveries to flow. People should be allowed to practice whichever religion they choose instead of living under a theocraticShow MoreRelated The Impact of the Scientific Revolution Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of the Scientific Revolution Science began soon after the Birth of Civilization. Man had already learned to tame animals and grow plants. To shape materials like clay and metals to his purposes and even to heal his bodily ailments. We do not know why he did these things because his magic and reasoning are concealed. Only with the second millennium B.C have we learned that there were three elements in man’s attitude to nature, which impacted the growth of the scientific revolution:Read MoreThe Is The Scientific Study Of Demons2584 Words   |  11 Pagesis the scientific study of demons and is often a title that man put up to old fashioned practices of mythology however based on various tomes found throughout history it is found to be more. The earliest forms of demons or evil spirits have always been around us from mythological deities such as Pazuzu or Lucifer himself. Such high ranking devils have haunted us in the dark and kept us awake at night. When such ideas enter our mind we create a demonic figu re who can enter the soul, know our darkestRead MoreEssay on Magic and Superstition in the Middle Ages3515 Words   |  15 PagesSuperstitions have influenced the lives of human beings perhaps since the beginning of mankind. For millennia, people have clung to beliefs and practices surrounding preternatural activities. Even after science has produced evidence to explain what was once considered supernatural, the superstitious traditions have continued. During the Middle Ages, many new superstitious rituals were developed and some can still be seen in use today. However, the trivial superstitious rituals of today, such as hangingRead More Indian Influence on American Medicine Essay2878 Words   |  12 PagesIndian Influence on American Medicine The Native Americans had more to offer to the European colonists than they were willing to admit. It was not just new land that Europe benefited from but a whole new array of medicine and knowledge. For a long time the European colonists, with their ethnic arrogance, were foreclosed to any serious attention to the medical knowledge that the savages had to offer. The European colonists were repelled by the superstitious rites that would often go hand-in-handRead MoreEssay about The Influence of The English Renaissance1790 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is the English Renaissance? It was known as the period of rebirth and was the period in European civilization that immediately followed the middle ages. Its popularity grew by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. It was primarily a time of revival after a long period of social decline and stagnation. The renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement dating from the early 16th to the early 17th centuries. It is associa ted with the pan-European renaissance that manyRead MoreThe National Assessment Of Educational Progress Essay2194 Words   |  9 PagesAmerica. The average score of white students was 47% at or above the proficient passing level. In comparison, Hispanics scored an average of 23%, and blacks scored an average of 16% in reading at or above a proficient level. In mathematics, white students scored an average of 33%, following them would be the Hispanic students with a score of 12% and blacks with a 7% average. As the years progressed, the achievement gap widened (National Center for Education Statistics, 2014). In 2015 the National AssessmentRead More Comparing Treatment of Death During the Renaissance and in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet3612 Words   |  15 Pagesdeath, is consistent to the social and religious beliefs of the time period. Act IV, scene V of the Lamentable Tragedie is perhaps the most insightful scene dealing with the coping of death during the Renaissance. Previous to the scene Romeo has been banished for slaying Tybalt, and Juliet’s father has forced her to marry her betrothed Paris. In a desperate attempt to avoid the marriage and reunite Juliet with her love, the Friar gives Juliet a sleeping elixir to stage her death. Convinced thatRead MoreAbstract Art : Art And Conceptual Art2921 Words   |  12 Pagesdoes not depend on their formal properties but comes through an interpretation or theory. The problem with Danto’s approach is that it marginalises the role of the perceptual and of the experience of art. The chapter considers Seamon’s thesis on the modern theory of artistic value and Fowkes’s discussion of found art and conceptual art. Both suggest an understanding of these movements in terms of the internal or conceptual dimension of art, that is, the metaphorical fun ction of art. This study aimsRead MoreDifferences Between Cultures And Cultures Of Europe2036 Words   |  9 Pagesover Europe in both the past and the present. Many of the pioneers in learning to study and understand the physical world from a scientific point of view have come from Europe. Modern scientific works can still be attributed to these researchers because their work will always be significant and applied even in the modern world. Distinctively, most of these scientists have come from England than the rest of the Europe. Charles Darwin, Joseph Lister, Francis Crick among numerous others have all comeRead MoreConstructing My Cultural Identity6012 Words   |  25 Pagescultural/racial identity as a person of African ancestry living in the diaspora. I ask questions such as how has colonial education influenced my cultural identity and how I see myself? I address the complexity of my racial and gender identity drawing on a Black feminist theoretical framework and anticolonial thought to inform this work. Cet article prà ©sente une analyse critique et rà ©flà ©chie de mon enfance en Jamaà ¯que, oà ¹ j’ai à ©tudià © à   une à ©cole coloniale, et de ma transition vers l’à ©cole secondaire au

Division of labour Free Essays

Today, even simplest form of labor like, our day-to-day domestic work, is divided between services like house maids, milkman, laundry revise, daycare, transport services, along with restaurants or food deliveries. Most of the times, we do not realism how the concept of division of labor is more central to our lives than we think. Right from the beginning of the human life, to this day of again super-computers, the division of labor has made all the difference. We will write a custom essay sample on Division of labour or any similar topic only for you Order Now The division of labor brings in greater productivity of labor. If not for this productivity, today would have been only slightly different than the ice ages. This basic need for division of labor comes from the human desire to lead a better life. According to Smith, part of what makes us human, Is our propensity to truck, barter, and exchange Items. If everyone were to produce everything they need, there would be very less scope for any sort of Innovation and a lot of time In would be wasted In changing tools and materials. But, with the help of the division of labor, leading to efficiencies and surpluses, each member of the society could trade the fruits of his/her labor for other objects that are needed. This would result in the improvement of quality of life and a win-win situation. Division of labor creates specialized knowledge of a reticular task. It saves the laborer time as the time needed to adjust to new physical or mental frame works is eliminated. Doing the same thing over and over, leads to innovation in the methods and tools employed in the task. If not for the extensive form of division of labor, the world wouldn’t have been what it is today. The effective Dillon of labor Is limited by the market size. A vendor, who supplies to the only geography he has access to, can delve the labor to only a certain extent because, as productively Increases with the Dillon of labor, a large market Is needed o consume the products that it gives rise to. Thus as Eng as he doesn’t have access to larger market, the further division of labor is meaningless. Over the last few centuries, the advances in technology gas connected the geographies all over the world and so, the accessing the markets of these geographies has become easier. Thus, many businesses that were previously supplying to limited markets of villages and small cities are now spreading rapidly over parts of the nations and those supplying to parts for a nation are taking over the world. So, in order to increase earplugs and productivity also over tight competition from others of their kind, they need to go for greater extent of division of labor. The sustain in the world of tight competition, be It In the global or local scale, the division of labor has to make best use of available resources. This Dillon of labor, Is based on cheaper and faster access to resources, local human talent, cost of manufacturing and consumer base, thus increasing their productivity. For example, a lot of companies located in might have their production units in china or software development in US, taking advantage of natural or human resources available the locality. This has given rise to division of labor geographically. Today, majority of businesses, have various parts of the same product manufactured in various parts of the world. Also, we see many cities or various parts of world emerging as specialists in particular businesses. Now businesses are moving to Africa and India where they can find more consumers. The world has become a small village. Everyday, we see many huge companies shutdown after having failed sustain in the competition to cater to the changing need for services and products, and many new ones taking over the globe. Unlike the old times, today people don’t limit themselves to one particular Job, they look out for more Jobs that can fetch them more money. So, the increase in productivity achieved by division of labor at one Job, helps them divert their resources elsewhere to earn additional revenue. Today the information technology may be decreasing the kind of information asymmetry that existed before. Division of labor is omnipresent, be it in political organizations where the government is divided into legislative, Judiciary and executive branches or in latherer systems, where we have different doctors for different ailments. Today, there are enormous number of types and many more are getting added each day. Also, in today’s world, Adam Smith’s Division of Labor has got a new meaning with the division of labor between the humans and machines. The human intellectual skill combined with physical strength of the machines has changed our lives like never before. The computers, which are machines of one particular type have created wonders. They have created a major upheaval in the nature of human work. On one hand there is a division of labor between humans and Computer and on the other hand, there is a fast growing division of labor within humans who can and who cannot do valued work in the economy filled with computers. L] In the old times, the division of labor based on labor was widespread. The male population was supposed to earn the bread, and the female population was assigned to take care of domestic work. Unlike those days, today we see more and more women entering Jobs that were previously reserved for males. As the society is slowly coming out of self-imposed superst itions and restrictions regarding the granting equal rights and opportunities to females, the competition between male and female for the various Jobs is increasing. Only the best suited for the Job, irrespective of the gender, get the Job. Thus, the gender based division of labor is losing its impact. This reinforces the statement of Adam Smith saying ‘Competition is the best influence for increasing productivity’. Everybody wants to live a better life. This best of everything. Minored to attract buyers with good quality products and services in this barter, and sustain in the competition with others, there is a need for greater radioactivity. And again comes the role of division of labor to achieve more productivity. How to cite Division of labour, Papers

Project Information and Communication Systems Point of View

Question: Discuss about the Report for Project Information and Communication Systems Point of View. Answer: Introduction The literature review depicts on project with program information and communication system point of view. In order to build health care organization for aged different rules and regulations that should be followed before implementation of the project will be discussed in this literature review. The paper will demonstrate different types of tools that are used in the information and communication system and different methodologies that are going to be used in this project planning. The aim of the report is to provide a secured plan to develop a project. Apart from this, there are certain software and some communication systems that are maintained while implementing the project, those will also be discussed in this literature review. In addition to this, the literature review will also mention several processes of project methodologies including the tool plans to develop information and communication methodologies. Different types of Information and Communication Tools During the construction of health care organization for aged certain important tools regarding information and communication comes under consideration. According to Svejvig and Andersen, (2015) Information and communication tools are basically used to serve some of the important purposes such as guidance and project information delivery, interaction among the working employees of the company. Galliers and Leidner, (2014) stated that, project management and information systems are referred to as tools and techniques used to deliver a complete and perfect project to be implemented in the practical field. The technology is used by both the upper level managerial team as well as by the lower level management team of the organization. From the view point of both the authors it can be concluded that, open communication system and execution of application of appropriate tools in exact fields is the most important thing during project implementation. It has been identified that there are dif ferent online as well as offline tools used by the construction project planners. The different tools are as followed: Offline tools Project plan: This is one of the basic tools, already used in during the implementation of the preplanned project. Planning plays the crucial role in any project execution as this maintains the overall efficiency. According to Svejvig and Andersen, (2015) initially, the feasibility of the project is calculated, to measure whether it is fruitful or not. During the implementation of the project it was found that the tools used for the construction are not enough and thus, in the initial stage the company had to suffer from massive financial loss. Schwalbe, (2015) stated that, for project management strategy, resource allocation and delivery scheduling is the most important thing and the project had maintained all the section very clearly. Milestone checklist: This is another important tool that the project manager can utilize in order to determine the track of the project in terms of project progress (Leach, 2014). During project planning, the quality assurance manager of the project did not use any software to track the progress rather he used Excel templates to monitor it. Again, Ward and Peppard, (2016) said that the milestone checklist was updated twice in a week to make a live documentation of the project management system. Online tools Automation and scheduling report maintenance: The project has used Dovico time sheet project tracking software as a online tool that helped the manager of the company to reach the ultimate objective preset for the organization. Team report and the Ad hoc resource along with a graphical representation were managed by the manger with the support of the online automation and schedule report maintenance report. Project profitability maintenance: The manager also maintained the profitability of the project with automation software so that before launching the project the manager will come to draw a conclusion whether the project is beneficial to the organization or not. According to O'Leary, (2013) some tools or key components are used to manage and balance the investment and outcome of the project. Project alert and electronic mail notification: Alert for the project and notification as per the requirement obtained with the help of the electronic mail services. Not only this but also the online tools helped to serve SMS, hosting services, installation etc. Cloud based project management: Cloud based architecture is used in this project to maintain the dashboard system so that the overall structure can be secured within a single framework. Kuipers, et al., (2014) stated that, for a perfect business collaborative business environment is needed to be structured. The organizations project planning had been utilized all the requirements of the project. Gantt chart and part chart: It is commonly termed as the best project management online tool. It is used to display the activities and the task or the events took place within the project and according to the task the allocated time is also mentioned with the help of this tool. Ward and Peppard, (2016) opined that, in this project the allocated tasks were planning, research, design, implementation and follow up and time was allotted accordingly. Clocking IT and Project management software: It is a web based application tool that is used to maintain all other project management tools (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Additionally, the timeline, calendar, graphs and project repot was also synchronized with the help of IT clocking and management software. In some of the sections Collabtive is also designed to offer alternative options to the project. .NET and Apollo project review: Svejvig and Andersen, (2015) stated that, this is one of the easiest tools used to prepare a project. In order to produce financial, manufacturing, software development based projects .NET visual studio application is used to develop easy project structure. .NET projects are easy to develop and are free of complexity. Apollo allows the external workers of the projects to access the project from the outside. However this is considered to be helpful all the time. Private network and Score card: Private network implementation and the score card accessibility is another important online tool used in project planning management system (Chienwittayakun Mankin, 2015). The extranet system conducts the electronic project managements system and in order to transmit different project based information, network level internet protocols are used. Different Methodologies used in the project From the overview of the project it has been considered that the information management system contains different practical guidelines, environmental changes along with the constrain condition. The knowledge database of the system is used in order to develop a particular project. Different project methodologies are used by different projects. As this project is majorly based on the information and communication system thus, one of the most effective methodology is used during the implementation of this project that s known as we based project management system. Lee and Yu, (2012) stated that, web based project management system is a centralized and commonly accessible system that capable of transmit and storing data from different resources at a time. Web based project management system (WPMS) According to Baskerville and Wood-Harper, (2016) WPMS system is capable of exchange data from one source to the destination without any kind of destruction. Exchange of information became easier while developing the project by utilizing WBPM. It is capable to provide a workflow automation system to the employees working for the company and opportunity regarding teamwork. Again, Svejvig and Andersen, (2015) stated that, four categories are defined while implementing the project for old age home. The project contained different information system such as project information, design information, management information and financial information. Different information regarding the project was stored in a web based database management system supported by the dashboard where all the information can be searched at a time in a single screen (O'Leary, 2013). The development team of the company designed the information is such a way that all the information will be stored in a well organized manner and can be easily retrieved by the employees of the company whenever required. Apart from this, the information regarding employees and the financial details stored in the database is secured enough so that, none of the data can be retrieved without the authentication and authorization of the management team of the project (Kuipers et al., 2014). Financial development team developed all the financial information in an organized manner, along with staffs accounting system of the project (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 2016). The WPMS is able to track all the viewer of the website and all the sections where, the viewers have been visited. WPMS is able to produce a hierarchical system of the company. From the overview of the functional schema it has been found that internet and extranet both are the important segment for the project architecture designed by the company for the construction of the old-age home (Svejvig Andersen, 2015). For personnel authentication and authorization application firewall and network firewall are used to create discrimination between the intranet and extranet sectors (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Intranet and the extranet servers are complimentary to each other and the management team monitors all project progress. Different software packages are purchased by the organization to develop the project. The software packages are as followed: Microsoft project 2002, P3ec and Sure Trak, Web Project etc. PM-ASPs The project designed for the old age home consists of different hardware and software system as the project contains repository database, web server, web based application and end user terminals (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 2016). The users of the database can access the data from a terminal whenever required and there is an option of data deletion and data insertion. There are some potential benefits of PM-ASPs. This is one of the most cost advantageous project management methodologies. It is capable of different outsourcing advantages and also it can enhance the competition among the IT professionals (Kerzner, 2013). Web based project management system can share and collaborate files from the database management system and the web form can act and collect data from different resources. In this project plan the platform used multiple devices, multiple platforms and twenty four hour access service all over the country. The data security is also enhanced due to the usage of this web based platform to frame the project model. Any unauthorized and unauthenticated user can not interrupt the system without the permission of the management team. Literature review of the project Management Software and communication systems From the literature review of the project management it has been encountered that during the project development some crucial project management information system software is used during the planning of the project. The information system software supports all the areas of project management knowledge. The PMI system is basically used to review the objectives and to accomplish the goal of the project. (Ward Peppard, 2016) stated that, the project used different management based software within their system such as- Integration management Time management software Cost management Quality management Human resource management Communication management and risk management According to Cassidy (2016), PMIS is an information system that is not considered to be an enough efficient tool but is a collection of a set of experienced tools and methods. All the elements of the project worked collectively with the help of this system and it also plays an integrated role within the project (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 2016). PMIS can also be utilized as a global factor within any organization and it is one of the controlling tools of the project. The objective of PMIS is to create an integrated information system in terms of organizational decision making and information backup. Information on Methodology Though WPMS methodology is developed by the organization to build the project plan based on information and communication management system but it has been found that the methodology is not enough efficient (Hwang Ng, 2013). The project has maintained WPMS method but from the project planning context it is defined that the project should have implemented some other project methodologies in order to develop the project from all the aspects. From the literature review it has been found that the preplanned project has faced some of the issues and the issues can be overcome if the organization introduces some other project methodologies instead of the WPMS (Kerzner, 2013). There are some efficient project methodologies those can be implemented to reduce the security level issues such as waterfall model, spiral model, evolutionary model and prototype model. Among all these project methodologies the most effective one is considered as Meta model or spiral model. Spiral model is considered as Meta model because it contains all the features of secured project management technique. Waterfall Model: This is the traditional model utilized in most of the project management (Svejvig Andersen, 2015). The model consists of certain steps such as feasibility study, requirement gathering and requirement analysis, coding, development, unit testing, integrated testing, implementation and finally the maintenance. The maintenance of the project takes at least 66% of the total efficiency. Prototype Model: This model is used to develop dummy. At the initial stage all the experiments gone through the dummy. After the verification and the validation of the project the required changes made over the project as per the clients requirement. The verification is done by the development team and the verification is done by a user friendly group of clients (Kuipers et al., 2014). From the invoice of the clients the effective changes made within the developed project. Spiral or Meta Model: Spiral model is also known as Meta model as it contains all the features of the other models (Leach, 2014). This model is also developed as per the changes required by the clients of the project. Evolutionary Model: This model has a core base and has some additional sections in the outside. Along with the changing time evolution within the project is made. In real life experiments the most efficient project methodology is utilization of spiral model. Information and communication tools plan development methodology Stakeholder Name of the stakeholders Time management interval with Communication plan Internal stakeholder Project manager Superintendents Engineers Equipments operators Craftsmen Laboures Accountants Communicate daily with the employees Weekly basis Weekly basis Weekly Twice in a month Daily Daily External stakeholder Project owners Consultants Financial consultants Suppliers Communicate daily with the employees Everyday Everyday Once in a month Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, the project information and communication system is one of the most vital tools that is used by different organizations in order to develop their project in the practical field. It has mentioned different types of information and communication tools that are already used to develop the health care building process for aged. In addition to this, already utilized different methodologies are also illustrated in this literature review. Crucial processes regarding information methodologies and the software and communication system that are used in this project plan are also mentioned I this literature review. Overall it has been found that, the methodologies used to build the project are some where beneficial but in from some other perspectives it is not profitable to the project planner. References Baskerville, R. L., Wood-Harper, A. T. (2016). A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. InEnacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2(pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Cassidy, A. (2016).A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Chienwittayakun, J., Mankin, D. (2015). Strategic Management Planning Process (SMPP) as an Organization Development Intervention (ODI) to Align Values, Goals and Objectives and Improve Employee Teamwork, Engagement and Performance: A Case Study of a Family-Owned Business in Thailand.ABAC ODI JOURNAL VISION. ACTION. OUTCOME.,2(1). Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hwang, B. G., Ng, W. J. (2013). Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), 272-284. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), 1-20. Leach, L. P. (2014).Critical chain project management. Artech House. Lee, S. K., Yu, J. H. (2012). Success model of project management information system in construction.Automation in construction,25, 82-93. Marchewka, J. T. (2014).Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. O'Leary, Z. (2013).The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. Pemsel, S., Wiewiora, A. (2013). Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), 31-42. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Silva, M. (2015). A systematic review of Foresight in Project Management literature.Procedia Computer Science,64, 792-799. Svejvig, P., Andersen, P. (2015). Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 278-290. Teller, J., Kock, A., Gemnden, H. G. (2014). Risk management in project portfolios is more than managing project risks: A contingency perspective on risk management.Project Management Journal,45(4), 67-80. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2016).The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons.

Product positioning free essay sample

What do you do? Keep in mind that the question has to be answered from the customers point of view and clearly state what the product does for the customer. Customers develop opinions about companies and products, and the positioning of each in the mind of the customer always occurs in relation to the competition or the customers other alternatives (which may include doing nothing). While marketing communications play a part in developing the desired position, its worth noting that in reality customers make up their minds based on a wider range f factors, including packaging, pricing, product performance, references and media recommendations. Positioning fundamentals: Positioning is the single greatest influence on a customers buying decision. Each customer evaluates products in the market according to their mental map of the market. Positioning exists in customers minds, not in positioning statements. People do not easily or willingly change their minds about a products positioning. We will write a custom essay sample on Product positioning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Positioning must first demonstrate a products relevance, using supportable, credible, nd factual terms. Making the product easier to buy through effective positioning makes the product easier to sell. Mapping the market Mapping the market involves identifying and staking out the most relevant customer segments. It enables you to establish and potentially control how your product is viewed in terms of benefit and differentiation. Benefit: The advantage conveyed by the product to the target customer based on his compelling reason to buy. makes you unique in the marketplace, at the same time bearing relevance to the Positioning template The positioning template can help you to express the fundamental value proposition that your product provides to a target customer and the market. It must identify the: target customer or market compelling reason to buy products placement within a new or existing category key benefit that directly addresses the compelling reason to buy primary alternative source (i. e. , competitor) of the same benefit key difference or point of differentiation Positioning statement The positioning template enables you to create a positioning statement, which xplains who you are, what you offer, whom it is for, and why it is important and compelling. The positioning statement should meet several key criteria: It effectively identifies the target customer or segment, and makes the situation clear and understandable. It makes your claim (and related benefit) concise, singular and compelling, and supports it by credible evidence. It makes the differentiation statement concise, singular, compelling, and supportable, and it reflects the target customers attributes and environment. It passes the elevator test (i. . , it can be explained in a few words). Using the template, a positioning statement can be structured like this: For (target customer or market) Who (have a compelling reason to buy) Our product is a (products placement within a new or existing category). That provides (key benefit that directly addresses the compelling reason to buy) Unlike (primary alternative source (i. e. , competitor) of the same benefit) Our product (key difference or point of differentiation in relation to the specific target customer) Positioning and market type In a new market, you must define the market and your companys place within it. This involves positioning your company to visionary buyers as a thought leader within an emerging, highly promising market category. You must also demonstrate your products benefit or competitive advantage against existing products and the status quo. In an existing market, the positioning changes. Here, it must demonstrate to credible and comprehensive option for the customers needs. In order to achieve the desired positioning, your communication must clearly articulate your unique points of differentiation.

I got 99 problem but a wall aint one Professor Ramos Blog

I got 99 problem but a wall aint one As the President of the United States you are the most powerful man on the planet, and with great power comes great responsibility. â€Å"Build the wall† was your slogan during campaigning, However, one must understand that you have surmounted a larger following who live off the ideologies you preach. There are more progressive issues at hand that are not getting the attention they need, due to the fact that you are imposing the wall as the main issue America should be dealing with. Instead of focusing on a minuscule problem such immigration, why not first fix the internal problems at hand. Flight Michigan has not had clean water for years, there are problems in lower socioeconomic classes, and communities are close to poverty. Your main focus as president of the united states should be first to internally better the country, then focus on global institutional policies. From the outside countries view America for the multiple internal problems they are facing. We must first be tter this country then the country itself will improve globally.    Fresh water is a limited yet significant product of survival. Economist and socialist have   classified countries into first world, second word and third world based on the countries GDP and natural resources. First world defined by worldpopulationreview.com is a country with a high standard of living, high life expectancy and stable economy. A third world country defined by worldpopulationreview.com is a country with weaknesses in areas including: nutrition, education, literacy, economic vulnerabilities, and have widespread poverty. In American right now there is a city with third world problems. Flint, Michigan has been without fresh water resources for years now. Their living arrangements are inadequate and no First world country such as the United States should have this problem. It started off when officials looking to save money switched Flints, drinking water supply from the Detroit city system to the Flint River. This new water was highly corrosive due to the fact that city and state officials broke federal law by failing to treat the water properly. lead leached out from aging pipes into thousands of homes. The water was dark-colored with an atrocious smell and taste. The citizens of Flint suffered many skin conditions such as hair loss and rashes. Its been five since this catastrophe event started and has yet been solved. I believe with the collective effort of the county, state and federal government we can eradicate this issues that is causing citizens to live with in humane conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      This world is facing a major problem when it comes to our future. There is problem with our limited nonrenewable energy. Non renewable energy is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replenished by natural means at the pace of its consumption. These energies are coil, natural gas and oil. Nonrenewable energy is a big contributor to greenhouse gases which is the lead cause for global warming. As a nonrenewable energy depletes we will have to come up with other ways to find energy. This is why funds need to be invested into efficient ways to find means of renewable energy. Not only will it save America money in the long run, it will also preserve and save our planet.There are also economic benefits from transferring to renewable sources. According to ucsusa.org solar and wind energy will bring over 300,000 jobs compared to coal which only produces 160,000 jobs. Growth in clean energy can create positive economic â€Å"ripple† that create more jobs and increas es income. One of your political stances was the need to create more jobs, this will do just that. For example, industries in the renewable energy supply chain will benefit, and unrelated local businesses will benefit from increased household and business incomes. America could be the forefront pioneer that not only saves the Planet but leads the world it into the next clean energy era. The public image of America would be admirable because initiating these reforms will save the country money and create sources of clean energy that will improve the eminent issue of global warming. There is a significant problem that is affecting our nation and can lead to social tension. This Problem is the economic division between the upper and low class. According to the New York Post, the five reasons for poverty is criminal justice, education, housing policy, savings, and Inclusive economic growth. Lets start with our education system because changing the youth changes the future. Instead of using our funds on the wall we could use that money to fix our Public school system, especially in low-income areas. Impoverished Students not only face economic hardship but a low budget for education. Since the majority of the student are In impoverished, they lack the necessities such as food, clothing, books and internet essential that a student needs to become successful. A low budget makes it challenging to achieve basic educational standards. In 2013 the U.S government spent eight percent of its budget on education for all levels. The Problem is that its still not enough; there is still not enough money to go round, but 25 billion could be a start.   The money could go towards school in lower economic areas such as Chicago for food transportation, Proper clothing, updated books, and technology. In closing, I believe the funds being used to build the wall could be used to better our Economic problems and social tensions.   By helping the city of flint get back to suitable drinking water, you would become a humanitarian. Changing our nation to renewable energy would not only save us money but create new jobs. We would be preserve the world, our future and lead a technological frontier for ages to come. Increasing funds in the Education system would close the economic gap between the upper and lower class by giving the youth a chance to better their social standing through education. Lastly, by doing all three task your approval rating exceptional and you would genuinely make America great again.    Work sited â€Å"Federal Role in Education.† Home, US Department of Education (ED), 25 May 2017, www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html. â€Å"Flint Water Crisis.† NRDC, 30 Apr. 2019, nrdc.org/flint. â€Å"Local Renewable Energy Benefits and Resources.† EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 19 Apr. 2019, epa.gov/statelocalenergy/local-renewable-energy-benefits-and-resources. Nationsonline.org, Klaus Kstle -. â€Å"___ First, Second and Third World.† First, Second, and Third World Nations Online Project, nationsonline.org/oneworld/third_world_countries.htm. Tanner, Michael, and Michael Tanner. â€Å"How the Government Helps Keep People Poor.† New York Post, New York Post, 6 Dec. 2018, nypost.com/2018/12/05/how-the-government-helps-keep-people-poor/.

Latin America News Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Latin America News Review - Essay Example Fossil fuels include petroleum, coal and natural gas. These sources of energy are non-renewable. Lack of deliberating a course towards sustainable development would lead to depletion of the non-renewable energy sources. Big oil corporations hinder the development of renewable sources of energy, and the also receive the government’s support since they are a significant source of government revenue through the immense taxes they pay. A study by Mark Jacobson (2009) aims at strategizing on how a hundred percent of the world’s energy is achievable through the use of renewable sources. With the changes the world has been experiencing, campaign on the use of biofuels has been on the rise since it is a more sustainable source of energy. The Latin American governments have been creating awareness and opportunities such as tax incentives to companies that utilize green energy in their production activities. Renewable sources of energy include solar power, biogas, bio-diesel, bio-ethanol and algae concentrates. In Brazil, production of vehicles that use biofuels is ongoing (Digest 2015). As at now reliance on fossil fuels has been on the decline since the introduction of fuel blends. For1 example, diesel that is a fossil fuel may be combined in bio-diesel to produce a more sustainable source of fuel. The Latin American governments should, therefore, strategize and formulate policies that will encourage the use of biofuels and green energy. Through this, the countries will not only experience economic development but also will ensure that the development is sustainable. Digest, Bio fuels. positive review of sustainable development of biofuels in latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, February 16th, 2015. http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/02/16/positive-review-of-sustainable-development-of-biofuels-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/ Lawrence, Frank Thomas and John. Conversion to renewable energy is going

Thomas Hobbes and Battle of Algiers Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thomas Hobbes and Battle of Algiers - Thesis Example They formed, the members of the FNL that was aimed at fighting for Algiers freedom and self-determination. The members of the FNL are believed, from a Hobbesian view to be fighting for what they already own. The Battle of Algiers simply expresses the feelings, reactions and resolves of the Algiers to disallow the French rule in Algiers. It is out rightly indisputable that Hobbes is mistaken about what freedom and self-determination are. A country cannot be self-determining and freed if it is under an external rule. This paper will maintain that Hobbes view of the FLN is out rightly mistaken about what constitutes true freedom and self-determination. Hobbes makes the claim that the state of nature is a despondent state of war in which significant human ends are dependably achievable. He maintains that everyone being sensible can understand that a war involving all against all is hostile to the fulfillment of her/his concern. For the Algiers to obtain their self-determination and freedom, they had to fight the French rulers. Having been ruled by the French since 1830s, Algeria could not accept to keep being ruled by them. Hence, they used all means possible to attain their independence, including using children and women to actualize their strategies (Pontecorvo 1967-Movie). Hobbes is mistaken, for without a violent engagement with an invader, power cannot be obtained. All nations in history had to fight for their independence, as opposed to what Hobbes suggests. Hobbes considers freedom to be the situation where people mutually pledge to each other to conform to a common authority (Hobbes Pt. 1). By the French and Algiers conforming to a common power, it would mean the French rule and Algiers rule approving the group to rule Algeria. It would be unacceptable for a French rule taking charge of Algeria. As well it would not be acceptable to the French to hand over its long rule to the Algiers. Hence, Hobbes beliefs could not be applicable and cannot be applied to

Quantity Surveying development and significance of the quantity Essay

Quantity Surveying development and significance of the quantity surveyor's professional role in relation to changes in construction procurement practice and reg - Essay Example Quantity Surveyors are employed predominantly on major building and construction projects as consultants to the owner, in both the public and private sectors. They may also work as academics in the building and construction disciplines and in financial institutions, with developers and as project managers (Willis and Ashworth 46). Quantity Surveyors work closely with architects, financiers, engineers, contractors, suppliers, project owners, accountants, insurance underwriters, solicitors and Courts and with all levels of government authorities. At feasibility stage quantity surveyors use their knowledge of construction methods and costs to advise the owner on the most economical way of achieving his requirements. Quantity surveyors may use techniques such as Cost Planning, Estimating, Cost Analysis, Cost-in-use Studies and Value Management to establish a project budget (Boyd and Kerr 34). During design, the quantity surveyor ensures that the design remains on budget through Cost Management. Essential additions are offset by other identified savings. On completion of design and drawings, the quantity surveyor may prepare a Bill of Quantities, which is issued with the specification, for use by contractors in submitting tenders. The contractor’s quantity surveyors generally prepare tenders, and may price alternatives for consideration. The quantity surveyor is usually involved in assessing tenders and may also be asked to advise on the type of contract or special clauses in it. During construction the quantity surveyors are called on to fairly value progress payments at regular intervals. They will also value changes to design or quantities which may arise by reference to appropriate Bill of Quantities rates. The contractor’s quantity surveyor/contract administrator will prepare claims for progress payments and additional work. When construction is complete the quantity surveyor can produce depreciation schedules of the various

Role of Multi-Detector CT in Paranasal Sinuses

Role of Multi-Detector CT in Paranasal Sinuses SUMMARY OF THESIS Name of speciality : Radio-diagnosis Name of System : Head and Neck Title of Thesis and : Role of Multi-Detector Computed Tomography in Paranasal Sinuses  Pathology, 2015. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla Name of Supervisor : Dr. Kavita Kapoor, Consultant Imaging, Batra Hospital and  Medical Research Centre, New Delhi. Hospital/Institute : Batra Hospital and Medical Research  Centre, New Delhi-110062. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To characterize pathologies of paranasal sinuses on MDCT and to delineate their anatomical location, extension and bony involvement. To correlate the multi detector computed tomography findings with clinical/surgical/histopathological/ microbiological findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS STUDY AREA: The study was conducted at the Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging in collaboration with the Department of ENT, Department of Pathology, and Department of Microbiology, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre. Other departments are collaborated for acquiring cases, and follow up of patients to correlate clinically or histopathologically or microbiologically. STUDY POPULATION: 100 patients were included in our study mostly urban population. Patients belonged to both OPD and IPD cases. The study comprised of 65 males and 35 females. The number of male patients were higher than the female patients. There were 15 patients in 0 20 years age group, 36 patients in 21 40 years age group, 37 in 41 60 years age group and 12 were greater than 60 years. The age group of patients ranged from minimum of 9 months to maximum of 81 years. The highest number of patients were in 41 60 years age group. SAMPLE SIZE: 100 patients referred for evaluation of sinus complaints were enrolled in the study after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria and taking written/verbal informed consent from July 2013 to April 2015. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with complaints like headache/nasal obstruction/discharge/hyposmia /swelling over cheek and with clinically suspected paranasal sinuses lesions referred for MDCT PNS evaluation. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Acute sinonasal inflammatory disease. Previous evidence of sinonasal surgery. All cases of trauma. SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: (Ref.: Methods in biostatistics, Dr. B. K. Mahajan, 7th edition, pg. 85) For calculation of sample size Mahajans allowable error formula was applied. N = 4pq/e2 Where p = % of population = Target population/Total populationÃâ€"100 q = 1-p e = 20% of p As per CT room register over last 3 years Minimum no. of MDCT PNS cases at our hospital/month = 20 Maximum no. of MDCT PNS cases coming under exclusion criteria/month = 5 So, Minimum no. of MDCT PNS cases at our hospital/year = 240 Maximum no. of cases coming under exclusion criteria/year = 60 So, p = 180/240Ãâ€"100 = 75 q = 25 e = 20% of p = 15 N = 4Ãâ€"75Ãâ€"25/152 = 33. The minimum sample size thus calculated should be 33. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. CT PNS of the patients was evaluated for the cause of sinus complaints. Causes deduced from CT PNS were correlated with clinical/histopathological/surgical/ microbiological findings. ETHICAL ISSUES: The study was conducted after necessary approval from the Institutional review board and ethics committee. MDCT is a non-invasive modality. All safety and screening measures were undertaken as per the American College of Radiology practice guidelines for performing Computed Tomography. INSTRUMENTATION: Light VCT 64 slice MDCT of GE radical system with advanced workstation 4.3 GE. Protocol followed for MDCT PNS: 1. Scout : Lateral kV : 120 mA : 10 Scout Plane : 900 2. Axial Images kV : 120 mA : 120 Start/End : 0 to 74.3 Total Exposure Time : 5.4 sec Gantry tilt : 0 Interval : 0.625 mm Slice thickness : 0.625 mm Helical Scan Rotation Time : 0.6 sec Rotation Length : Full Pitch and Speed : 0.531:1 10.62 mm/rotation Detector Coverage : 20 mm PROFORMA Unique ID No: HISTORY: Presenting Complaints: Nasal discharge: Headache: Nasal obstruction: Epistaxis: Swelling over cheek: Hyposmia/Anosmia: Others: H/O Smoking: Occupational exposure: History of Allergy: Any other Systemic Illness: Family History: EXAMINATION: General Examination: Local Examination: Inspection: Probe test: Others: Important Surgical Findings: Investigational Results: MDCT PNS : Histopathology: Microbiological and other important lab tests: Department of Radio-diagnosis and Imaging Batra Hospital and Medical research Centre M.B.Road, New Delhi-110062. INFORMED CONSENT FORM I s/d/w of r/o do hereby declare that I give informed consent to participate in the thesis study titled, ROLE OF MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARANASAL SINUSES PATHOLOGY. Dr. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla has informed me to my full satisfaction, in the language understand, about the purpose, nature of study and various investigations to be carried out for the study. I have been informed about the duration of the study and the possible benefits and risks. I give full, free and voluntary consent for being enrolled in the above study and reserve the right to withdraw from the study whenever I wish to without any prejudice of my right to undergo further treatment at this hospital and its associated hospitals. I have been given a copy of this form along with the patient information sheet. For illiterates patient information sheet will be shared with the family members. The family members are expected to read out and then get the informed consent. We will try to take written consent, if not we will take verbal consent in front of relatives. (Signature/Thumb (Signature/Thumb Impression of patient) Impression of relative) Name: Name: Date: Relation: Verbal Consent: Date: PATIENT INFORMATION SHEET Title: ROLE OF MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN PARANASAL SINUSES PATHOLOGY. Introduction: This statement describes the purpose, procedures, benefits, risks and discomforts of the study and your right to withdraw from the study at any point of time. Purpose: This study involves MDCT scan evaluation of patients with paranasal sinus complaints. Study Procedure: Your relevant clinical history will be recorded, clinical examination will be conducted and findings noted. MDCT PNS will be performed and the radiological findings will be recorded. These findings are correlated with clinical/surgical/histopathological/microbiological findings. Benefits: No monetary benefits will be given to you. However, any new information that can come to light regarding any new findings in the study will help in further management of the disease and help all other ailing patients suffering from this problem. Confidentiality: Records of your study participation will be kept confidential, under safe custody. Any publication of data will not identify you by name. By signing the consent form you authorise the sharing of your study related medical records to the regulatory authorities and the Institutional Ethical Committee. Information regarding withdrawal: You have the right to withdraw yourself from the study at any time during the course of the study without any prejudice to you or your familys right to undergo future treatment at BATRA HOSPITAL. Contact for additional information: Any time during or after the study, you can obtain further information about the study from Dr. Lakshmi Kumar Chalamarla, Department of Radio-diagnosis, BHMRC, New Delhi. DATA ANALYSIS Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values were calculated, followed by use of Fischer Exact test. Diagnostic accuracy of MDCT for different pathologies were calculated The research hypothesis and statistical methods were formed in consultation with the Biostatistician. SALIENT FINDINGS Key imaging features considered were significant anatomical variations, site of involvement, bony and soft tissue changes, invasion of surrounding structures, pathognomic features and correlation with clinical complaints/surgical/pathological/microbiological findings. The patients were divided into five categories: bacterial sinusitis, fungal sinusitis, benign tumors, malignant tumors, and others. 84 patients presented with sub acute or chronic bacterial sinusitis, 4 patients were of fungal sinusitis, 4 patients presented with benign tumors, 3 patients with malignant tumors and 5 patients with other conditions. Among 84 patients with bacterial sinusitis, 26 patients presented with sporadic pattern, 23 patients with infundibular pattern, 23 patients with ostiomeatal unit pattern, 8 patients with polyposis pattern, and 4 patients with sphenoid recess pattern. The various causative factors which came across in infundibular pattern were Haller cells in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, uncinate process pneumatisation in 1 case, and mucoperiosteal thickening in 10 cases. The various causative factors for ostiomeatal pattern which were found during our study were: inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 6 cases, giant bulla ethmoidalis in 6 cases, deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 4 cases, concha bullosa in 3 cases, concha lamella in 2 cases, agger nasi cell in 1 case, and paradoxical middle turbinate in 1 case. The various findings which were encountered in bacterial sinusitis in our study were: mucoperiosteal thickening in 84 cases, ostiomeatal unit block in 31 patients, bone thickening in 20 patients, bone thinning in 8 cases, and bone sclerosis in 6 patients. Various anatomical variations were encountered during our study. One or the other anatomic variation was found in 99 cases ( 99% ). Of the structures around ostiomeatal unit, giant bulla ethmoidalis was found in 35 cases, middle turbinate pneumatisation in 33 cases, paradoxical curvature of middle turbinate in 19 cases. Haller cell was found in 15 cases. Type 1 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 78 cases, type 2 frontal sinus drainage pathway in 21 cases. Deviated nasal septum with or without septal spur in 55 cases, inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 30 cases, accessory maxillary ostia in 26 cases, and agger nasi cell in 93 cases. Type 1 optic nerve course was found in 53 cases, type 2 in 14 cases, type 3 in 9 cases, and type 4 optic nerve course along with Onodi cells in 23 cases. Type 1 anterior clinoid process pneumatisation was found in 10 cases, type 2 pneumatisation in 1 case. Sphenoid septum lateral attachment in 7 cases, and sphenoid sinus septum pneumatisation in 14 cases. Among 4 patients with fungal sinusitis, the various findings were: bilateral / multisinus involvement was found in 4 cases, expansion of any involved sinus was found in 4 cases, intrasinus hyperdensity was found in 4 cases. Bony thinning was found in 4 cases, bony erosions and nasal cavity involvement was found in 3 cases. The various findings in 4 cases of benign tumors seen ( 1 inverted papilloma, 1 juvenile angiofibroma and 2 ivory osteomas ) were: bony thinning in 2 cases, bony remodelling in 2 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 1 case, and intra orbital extension in 1 case. Bony destruction, bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases. Among 3 cases of malignant tumors, various findings were: : Bony destruction in 3 cases, bony thinning in 3 cases, bony remodelling in 0 cases, multisinus involvement in 2 cases, intracranial extension in 2 cases, and intra orbital extension in 3 cases. Bone thickening/sclerosis, and calcification were not seen in any of the cases. In our study we found sensitivity and specificity for bacterial sinusitis as 100% and 94.11% respectively. The fungal sinusitis had sensitivity an specificity of 75% and 100% respectively. Benign, malignant tumors and others had sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The diagnostic accuracy for bacterial sinusitis and fungal sinusitis was 99%, and the diagnostic accuracy of benign, malignant tumors and others was 100%. The p value was obtained after applying Fischer Exact test. The p value obtained was statistically significant for all the disease conditions. Based on the statistical values it can be inferred that multi detector computed tomography is useful to characterize paranasal sinuses lesions with respect to anatomical delineation, extension and bony involvement. There are certain limitations in our study. Our findings cannot be generalised to the whole population because of the limited sample size. However, our findings add value to the research done. The role of contrast cannot be adequately studied. The role of MRI in various paranasal sinus pathologies was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Paranasal sinus diseases are very commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. Clinical assessment alone is not sufficient to reach a diagnosis, as the presentation of most of the conditions is nonspecific. Imaging forms the mainstay not only in making correct diagnosis, but also to know the extent of lesion, pre-operative assessment of the sinonasal anatomy and commonly encountered anatomic variations. X ray has low sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. CT is highly sensitive and specific in determining the presence of paranasal sinus pathology and clearly demonstrates the complex anatomy. The introduction of multi detector CT has transformed the axial imaging modality into a volumetric one and allows the pathology to be displayed in any desired plane. The capability of thin-section acquisition improves visualisation of tiny pathological details, and the isotropic nature of high spatial resolution data sets enables display in multiple planes, obvi ating image acquisition in prone or hyper extended patient position. RECOMMENDATIONS MDCT has proved to be highly sensitive in classifying the lesions into clinically relevant categories, making diagnosis and more so in knowing the extent of involvement with a high diagnostic accuracy. MDCT is an indispensible tool before Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) to accurately delineate the fine bony details that contribute to disease and also can predispose to complications which can be fatal. MDCT is very useful in predicting the diagnosis of fungal sinusitis by the presence of intrasinus hyperdensity, granulomatous diseases by the presence of nasal septal perforation and intracranial or intraorbital invasion, malignancy by bone destruction and invasion. MDCT can tailor the surgery according to the extent of disease. It helps in determining the prognosis of the malignant tumors depending on the site and extent of the disease. It can also obviate the need for surgery in certain conditions like polyposis. MRI can be problem solving tool in differentiating inflammatory sinonasal diseases from tumors, and also for the presence of intracranial or intraorbital extension. However, MRI alone cannot be performed in the evaluation of paranasal sinus diseases because of the problem of signal voids. It has to be supplemented by CT. MDCT is the preferred modality of all imaging studies available because of its ease, availability, accuracy, precision and low cost.

Global Warming :: Greenhouse Effect Climate Change

Global Warming The earth’s climate is predicted to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the build up of greenhouse gases – primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface. This causes the earth to radiate the energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapour, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat similar to the glass panels of a greenhouse. Without this natural â€Å"greenhouse effect,† temperatures would be much lower than they are now, and life as known today would not be possible. Instead, thanks to greenhouse gases, the earth’s average temperature is a more hospitable 24 C. However, problems may arise when the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases increases. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%. Methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. Due to the concentrations increasing the heat-trapping capability of the earth’s atmosphere is enhanced. Greenhouse gas concentrations are increasing. Scientists generally believe that the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Plant respiration and the decomposition of organic matter release more than 10 times the CO released by human activities; but these releases have always been in balance with the carbon dioxide absorbed by plant photosynthesis. What has changed in the last few hundred years is the additional release of carbon dioxide by human activities. Energy burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses are responsible for about 80% of society's carbon dioxide emissions and about 20% of global nitrous oxide emissions. Increased agriculture, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions. Estimating future emissions is difficult, because it depends on economic, technological, and institutional developments. The Hole in the Ozone Layer Discovery of the hole in the ozone layer showed that human activity has a major impact on Earth. The destruction of ozone in the stratosphere high above the planet's surface has been brought about as the result of the widespread use of chemicals, which under normal conditions are chemically inert and harmless. Ozone occurs at all levels in the atmosphere, but most of it is found in the stratosphere, between about 15-50 kilometres above the Earth's surface.

Renaissance

Italy before spreading to the rest of Europe. The Italian peninsula, positioned within the Mediterranean Sea, enabled the city-states and principalities to become major centers of trade and commerce. Venice, located on the northeastern coast of Italy, was known as the Queen of the Adriatic and had the busiest Italian maritime port (Soppy, 2009, p. 66). Even inland cities such as Rome and Florence were able to benefit from Italy's natural features. Florence had a port fifty miles away at the mouth of the Aaron River, which flowed through the heart of city providing inland access to merchants (Soppy, 2009, p. 52).Italy's prime geographical location led it to be the first port of call for goods and ideas. Italy also differed from the rest of Europe politically. Countries such as England, Spain, and France were ruled by monarchs while Italy (with a few exceptions) consisted of city-states where power was shared among prominent families. It was within these city-states that the dynamic po litical atmosphere could nurture the Renaissance movement (Cook, 2014). In Florence, the Medici family was able to dominate the city for much of the fifteenth century. The Medici family were patron to many artists, musicians, philosophers, and architects.Cosmic De' Medici had a hand in erecting many of the structures in Florence, believing the rich should give back to their communities (Soppy, 2009, p. 53). Many prominent families throughout Italy commissioned public art to display their wealth and power. What is more, the vigorous humanist movement helped the Renaissance establish strong roots in Italy. According to Soppy (2009), humanism can be defined as a movement that encouraged the study of the form and content of classical learning and that movement was the core of the Renaissance (p. 71 â€Å"Italian society was characterized by a revival of antiquity, specifically the classical world ofGreece and Rome† (Krebs, 2009). Renaissance humanists were fascinated with the stu dy of ancient Greece and Rome, and civic humanists played a significant role of putting their knowledge of the classics to practical use for their communities. Ultimately, Italy's abundant wealth is what would stimulate the development of the Renaissance. During the fifteenth century, Europe depended on Italy for much of its commerce (Cook, 2014). This enabled the Italians to take the lead in areas such as banking, trade, and manufacturing, and therefore became â€Å"the most urbanize and prosperous people of Europe† (Soppy, 2009, p. ). Italians were able to use their wealth and prosperity to support the arts. Italy was fortunate to have several factors working to promote the growth of the Renaissance. Were it not for Tit's favorable geography, unique political climate, progressive social movements, and healthy economy, the Renaissance may not have had the success and advancements that it enjoyed during the fourteenth and fifteenth century. 2. Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation.How were they different? Did they share any similarities? In Europe, the sixteenth century was a time of tremendous change. The most revolutionary event was the Reformation. Martin Luther and King Henry VIII of England had different motives, but both brought about religious change during the Reformation. Martin Luther was born in the German states in 1483 to Hans and Margaret. Hans Luther was a miner, and Martin grew up in a working-class household. Lather's parents, determined for him to become a lawyer, enrolled him in the local school in 1492 (soppy, 2009, p. 165).Luther attended the university of Revert in 1501 here he studied the typical liberal arts curriculum, receiving his Bachelors degree in 1 502 and Master's in 1 505 (History. Com Staff, 2009). One day, ether's whole life changed when he was nearly struck by lightning. Luther swore he would become a monk if he made it through the storm and days later joined the Sustaining Hermit monastery. At the age of thirty-four, Martin Luther became convinced he found the answer to the question that had troubled him for many years. Luther believed that faith in God, rather than good works, was the key to achieving grace.During the same period the Catholic Church was selling indulgences, instead of having people do good works, with the promise that it would shorten the amount of time they spent in purgatory (Soppy, 2009, p. 167). Because Luther believed God saved people through his gift of faith, he saw the sale of indulgences as a corrupt practice by the Catholic Church. When Luther nailed the â€Å"Ninety-Five Theses† to the church door, he had hoped to start an academic debate (Soppy, 2009, p. 168). He had no idea they would spark the Reformation. King Henry VIII was born in 1491 at Greenwich Palace in England. He was the second son of King HenryVII and Elizabeth of York (BBC History, 2014). Henry VII was required to get a special papal dispensation from pope Julius II in order for his son to be able to marry Catherine of Argon, the widow of Henrys older brother Arthur (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). King Henry VIII married Catherine and began his reign in 1509. In 1 527, after eighteen years of marriage, Henry wanted a divorce from Queen Catherine (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). She had only been able to bear him one surviving child, a daughter, and he desperately wanted a male heir. Martin Luther and King Henry Vic's motives for reform came from entirely efferent sources.Luther disagreed with the papacy over the doctrine that allowed the selling of indulgences. He also believed that salvation was achieved by faith alone. Coming from a working-class background, Luther did not want to see the congregation being taken advantage of by the clergy. Henry VIII wanted to separate from the Catholic Church because he desired to marry Anne Bobble, who promised to bear h im sons (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). King Henry asked pope Clement VII to grant him an annulment. Pope Clement refused because he was unwilling to admit the original dispensation Pope Julius II had granted for their marriage was illegal (Soppy, 2009, p. 31). Henry split from the church to fulfill his matrimonial plans and to take the wealthy lands of all the English monasteries. Unlike Luther, King Henrys motives for reform were purely selfish. Both Martin Luther and Henry VIII achieved separation from the Catholic Church. While Luther separated while trying to reform due to his dissatisfaction with corrupt church practices, Henry VIII separated purposefully for his selfish desires. Although they were very different men, Martin Luther and King Henry VIII were both influential in he Reformation movement, and their actions can still be felt today. . Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the sixteenth century. What did the Catho lic Church do to reform itself and respond to the spread of Protestantism? In what ways did it both succeed and fail in achieving its goals? At the start of the sixteenth century, people such as John Calvin and Martin Luther began questioning the practices of the Catholic Church. By challenging the church doctrine with his â€Å"Ninety-Five Theses†, Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation.By the mid-sixteenth century, the papacy realized it needed to reform church practices and respond to the Protestant challenge. The Counter-Reformation was a way for the Roman Catholic Church to re-establish itself. The aim of the Counter-Reformation in Europe was to end the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through reform, religious orders, and education. The Counter- Reformation was successful in saving the integrity of the Roman Catholic Church, but states where the government adopted Protestantism remained.In order for the pope to succeed in reforming the Catholic Church, he would deed support. Pope Paul Ill called the Council of Trend in December of 1545 (History Learning Site, 2014). Although it took eighteen years to conclude, the Council of Trend proved to be the most important church council in a thousand years (Soppy, 2009, p. 264). The reform council was intended to examine doctrine and reform, and was responsible for the reaffirmation and clarification of major church doctrines. In order to please the Protestants, Charles V wanted abuses looked at in hopes it would bring them back to the church (History Learning Site, 2014).The council admitted to corrupt practices thin the church and took stern measures to correct them. New laws were put in place to combat pluralism, simony, nepotism, immorality, and ignorance (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). Priests were no longer allowed to avoid church services with the reform of absenteeism. Also, the selling Of indulgences was banned. While the church had gone through many reform councils, th e Council of Trend was unique in the fact that so many of its decrees were carried out and actual change was taking place in the church (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). The Council of Trend helped to solve internal problems of the Catholic Church.To improve the Catholic standing within the communities, a number of new religious orders started during the Counter- Reformation. While the founding of religious orders traditionally brought about renewal and reform for the Catholic Church, pope Innocent Ill discouraged their establishment in 121 5 in order to gain greater control over the papacy (Soppy, 2009, p. 256). The first new order established was the Thinness. The Thinness were advocates for improvement of the Catholic Church and set an example of how good priests should live and work (History Learning Site, 2014).The Ursine was an order for women that promoted he education of women and children. Even some older orders responded by modernizing themselves (History Learning Site, 2014). Educat ion proved to be a prominent aid as well in the Catholic Reformation. Igniting Loyola founded the Society of Jesus in 1540. Loyola ensured the Jesuits were highly disciplined, and education was at the heart of the movement (History Learning Site, 2014). After many years Of training, a Jesuit Was considered prepared to carry out his work.By Alloy's death in 1 556, there were thirty- five Jesuit colleges throughout Europe as a base for the Counter-Reformation ND the society had grown to about one thousand members (Soppy, 2009, p. 260). In the sixteenth century, the Catholic Reformation began when the Roman Catholic Church was at risk of losing its religious control in Europe. The Counter-Reformation succeeded in reducing the spread of Protestantism in Europe and was able to renew the face of Catholicism by reforming and educating the clergy, and initiating new religious orders. 4.While women were often not allowed public roles during the Renaissance and Reformation periods, there were some examples of powerful or influential women in reorient public and leadership roles. Choose three of the following and discuss the roles these women played in shaping the society and culture of their age: Queen Elizabeth I, Catherine Domenici, SST. Teresa of Avail, Christine De Pizza, Artemisia Gentiles. During the Renaissance and Reformation period, women were often not allowed to pursue public roles. Opportunities for women were severely restricted, and few had a chance to receive a proper education.Fortunately, there are a few examples of powerful or influential women such as Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles, who played prominent roles in shaping the society and culture of their age. Queen Elizabeth of England was the first daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bobble. Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, and she ruled for nearly 45 years. Young Elizabeth acted swiftly, after taking the reins from her sister, to address the pressing issue of religion. At her first session in parliament, Queen Elizabeth called for the passage of the Act Of Supremacy, which re-established the Church of England (The Biography. Mom website, 2014). Elizabeth took a more moderate stance, hoping to appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. The Elizabethan settlement permitted the clergy to marry, but also continued the traditional Episcopal system (Soppy, 2009, p. 244). Her reign is sometimes known as the Golden Age because of Elizabethan us port of the arts. According to Soppy (2009), the England of Queen Elizabeth featured remarkable literary talents such as William Shakespeare, the dramatist Christopher Marlowe, and poets Edmund Spencer, Sir Philip Sidney and his sister Mary (p. 46). When Spain set its sights on England, the English navy was able to defeat the infamous Spanish Armada in 1588 (The Biography-corn website, 2014). Elizabeth also sponsored new efforts for colonization of the New World. Queen Elizabeth provided England with a long period of stability and consistency. Christine De Pizza was an influential writer who advocated women's rights during the Northern Renaissance. As Soppy (2009) explains, few French writers had such a significant impact on the modern world as Christine De Pizza (p. 41 Pizza was not only the first woman to write professionally, but she was also the first feminist to be published (Soppy, 2009, p. 141 Pizza began writing to support her family after her father and husband died. Her most important work, The Book Of the City of Ladies, described a world in which women were capable of doing all the work necessary to run a city (Soppy, 2009, p. 143). The book was revolutionary and was written to combat the traditional ideas that people had about women's nature. Christine De Pizza was an influential figure who proved women could be independent and have a voice in a man's world.Artemisia Gentiles was one of the most prominent female artists of her time. Gentiles was trained by the renowned master Agg ravating, who influenced her use of light and shade to heighten emotions and her strong ensue of composition (Soppy, 2009, p. 103). In 161 1, one of her teachers and a friend of her father's, Stagnation Tasks, raped seventeen-year-old Gentiles. Gentiles maintained during the seven-month trial, in which she was tortured with thumbscrews that Tasks was guilty of the crime (Soppy, 2009, p. 103).This traumatic event also seems to have influenced the subject matter of her paintings. Gentiles clearly identified herself with Judith, a strong biblical heroine (Soppy, 2009, p. 104). Artemisia Genteelness's extraordinary work helped other women artists to enter a male-dominated field. While women faced many difficulties during the Renaissance and Reformation period, some were able to overcome the obstacles. Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles all overcame personal and societal struggles and played significant roles in influencing the society and culture of their age. . Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, what was humanism, and what role did humanism and humanists play in Renaissance society and culture? In what ways did Italian Renaissance humanism differ from the humanism Of Northern Europe? For centuries, mankind looked to elision and the Catholic Church for guidance and answers. In the fourteenth century, when a cultural movement known as the Renaissance began in Italy, the qualities of humanism became more prominent. Instead of seeking supernatural explanations, humanists were using scientific and rational analysis.Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, humanism was a movement that celebrated the revival of classical study. Humanism played a pivotal role in the Italian Renaissance, influencing society and culture through art, architecture, and literature. Humanism had a profound effect on art ring the Renaissance period. Painters and sculptors began to focus more on the beauty, especially of the male human body. Michelang elo David boldly glorifies the naked human body (Soppy, 2009, p. 111). David was no longer a small effeminate boy, but a giant muscular hero.Paintings such as Michelangelo The Last Judgment also show a sharp contrast to the Middle Ages. â€Å"Medieval depictions of the last judgment generally showed figures dressed according to their social rank with Christ, the Virgin, and the apostles enthroned in heaven (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). Michelangelo painting illustrates costly undressed figures grouped together around Christ. Michelangelo even included a self-portrait as SST. Bartholomew, who was flayed alive (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). The Renaissance period also Saw a rise in portraits.In the Middle Ages, to commission a portrait of oneself was considered prideful and vain (Soppy, 2009, p. 99). With humanism shaping the Renaissance, this all changed and prominent individuals wanted to be amortized in paintings and sculptures. Just as the paintings and sculptures became more beautiful during the Renaissance, so did the architecture. The architect Leon Battista Alberta â€Å"called for the building of beautiful cities worthy of humiliatingly inclined men and women of virtue† (Soppy, 2009, p. 112).Alberta felt that architecture should be a social art, and each building should be planned in relation to its social functions and setting (Soppy, 2009, p. 1 12). While architects still used and modified classical models, they felt free to make exciting innovations (Soppy, 2009, p. 87). Architecture Of the Renaissance boldly departed from medieval styles and conventions. Likewise, literature written during the Italian Renaissance was beginning to change. Writers such s Niccole Machiavelli attempted to understand human nature. While medieval political theorists were under the agreement that politics was a branch of ethics.Niccole Machiavelli in his political book The Prince argues that since people are basically bad, rulers may have to behave inappropriately as well (Soppy, 2 009, p. 81). In addition to Latin, which was the language of the Church, humanist writers began to use the vernacular. Italian Renaissance humanism differed from the humanist movement that developed in Northern Europe. While both shared a revival of classical learning, northern humanists were driven by religious ideals. Northern humanists placed more of an emphasis on man being the highest of God's creatures (Nickels, 2000). Renaissance Renaissance BY keystrokes 1 . Why did the Renaissance develop in Italy? What factors?historical, geographical, economic, social, political, etc. ?contributed to its development in Italy, rather than elsewhere in Europe? There are many factors as to why the Renaissance movement began in Italy rather than elsewhere in Europe. Nowhere else in Europe were the elements that enabled the Renaissance to flourish better blended than in Italy. Italy had a prime geographical location, politically-active citizenry, a strong humanist movement, and abundant wealth. All these ingredients contributed to theRenaissance taking root in Italy before spreading to the rest of Europe. The Italian peninsula, positioned within the Mediterranean Sea, enabled the city-states and principalities to become major centers of trade and commerce. Venice, located on the northeastern coast of Italy, was known as the Queen of the Adriatic and had the busiest Italian maritime port (Soppy, 2009, p. 66). Even inland cities such as Rome and Florence were able to benefit from Italy's natural features. Florence had a port fifty miles away at the mouth of the Aaron River, which flowed through the heart of city roving inland access to merchants (Soppy, 2009, p. 2). Italy's prime geographical location led it to be the first port of call for goods and ideas. Italy also differed from the rest of Europe politically. Countries such as England, Spain, and France were ruled by monarchs while Italy (with a few exceptions) consisted of city-states where power was shared among prominent families. It was within these city-states that the dynamic political atmosphere could nurture the Renaissance movement (Cook, 2014). In Florence, the Medici family was able to dominate the city for much of the fifteenth entry.The Medici family were patron to many artists, musicians, philosophers, and architects. Cosmic De' Medici had a hand in erecting many of the structures in Florence, believing the rich should give back to their communities (Soppy, 2009, p. 53). Many prominent families throughout Italy commissioned public art to display their wealth and power. What is more, the vigorous humanist movement helped the Renaissance establish strong roots in Italy. According to Soppy (2009), humanism can be defined as a movement that encouraged the study of the form and content of lassie learning and that movement was the core of the Renaissance (p. 1). â€Å"Italian society was characterized by a revival of antiquity, specifically the classical world of Greece and Rome† (Krebs, 2009). Renaissance humanists were fascinated with the study of ancient Greece and Rome, and civic humanists played a significant role of putting their knowledge of the classics to practical use for their communities. Ultimately, Italy's abundant wealth is what would stimulate the development of the Renaissance. During the fifteenth century, Europe depended on Italy for much of its commerce (Cook, 2014).This enabled the Italians to take the lead in areas such as banking, trade, and manufacturing, and therefore became â€Å"the most urbanize and prosperous people of Europe† (Soppy, 2009, p. 48). Italians were able to use their wealth and prosperity to support the arts. Italy was fortunate to have several factors working to promote the growth of the Renaissance. Were it not for Italy's favorable geography, unique political climate, progressive social movements, and healthy economy, the Renaissance may not have had the success and advancements that it enjoyed during the fourteenth and fifteenth century. . Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation. How were they different? Did they share any similarities? In Europe, the sixteenth century was a time of tremendous change. The most revolutionary event was the Reformation. Martin Luther and King Henry VIII of England had different mo tives, but both brought about religious change during the Reformation. Martin Luther was born in the German states in 1483 to Hans and Margaret.Hans Luther was a miner, and Martin grew up in a working-class household. Lather's parent's, determined for him to become a lawyer, enrolled him in the local school in 1492 (Soppy, 2009, p. 165). Luther attended the University of Revert in 1501 where he studied the typical liberal arts curriculum, receiving his Bachelor's degree in 1502 and Master's in 1 505 (History. Com Staff, 2009). One day, Lather's whole life changed when he was nearly struck by lightning. Luther swore he would become a monk if he made it through the storm and days later joined the Augustine Hermit monastery.At the age of thirty-four, Martin Luther became convinced he found the answer to the question that had troubled him for any years. Luther believed that faith in God, rather than good works, was the key to achieving grace. During the same period the Catholic Church w as selling indulgences, instead of having people do good works, with the promise that it would shorten the amount of time they spent in purgatory (Soppy, 2009, p. 167). Because Luther believed God saved people through his gift of faith, he saw the sale of indulgences as a corrupt practice by the Catholic Church.When Luther nailed the â€Å"Ninety-Five Theses† to the church door, he had hoped to start an academic debate (Soppy, 2009, p. 168). He had no idea they would spark the Reformation. King Henry VIII was born in 1491 at Greenwich Palace in England. He was the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York (BBC History, 2014). Henry VII was required to get a special papal dispensation from Pope Julius II in order for his son to be able to marry Catherine of Argon, the widow of Henrys older brother Arthur (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). King Henry VIII married Catherine and began his reign in 1509.In 1527, after eighteen years of marriage, Henry wanted a divorce from Queen Cath erine (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). She had only been able to bear him one surviving child, a daughter, ND he desperately wanted a male heir. Martin Luther and King Henry Vic's motives for reform came from entirely different sources. Luther disagreed with the papacy over the doctrine that allowed the selling of indulgences. He also believed that salvation was achieved by faith alone. Coming from a working-class background, Luther did not want to see the congregation being taken advantage of by the clergy.Henry VIII wanted to separate from the Catholic Church because he desired to marry Anne Bobble, who promised to bear him sons (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). King Henry asked Pope Clement VII to grant him an annulment. Pope Clement refused because he was unwilling to admit the original dispensation Pope Julius II had granted for their marriage was illegal (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). Henry split from the church to fulfill his matrimonial plans and to take the wealthy lands of all the English monasteries. Unlike Luther, King Henrys motives for reform were purely selfish.Both Martin Luther and Henry VIII achieved separation from the Catholic Church. While Luther separated while trying to reform due to his dissatisfaction with corrupt church practices, Henry VIII separated purposefully for his selfish desires. Although they were very different men, Martin Luther and King Henry VIII were both influential in the Reformation movement, and their actions can still be felt today. 3. Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter- Reformation) in the sixteenth century.What did the Catholic Church do to reform itself and respond to the spread of Protestantism? In what ways did it both succeed and fail in achieving its goals? At the start of the sixteenth century, people such as John Calvin and Martin Luther began questioning the practices of the Catholic Church. By challenging the church doctrine with his â€Å"Ninety-Five Theses†, Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation. By the mid-sixteenth century, the papacy realized it needed to reform church practices and respond to the Protestant challenge.The Counter-Reformation was a way for the Roman Catholic Church to re- establish itself. The aim of the Counter-Reformation in Europe was to end the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through reform, religious orders, and education. The Counter-Reformation was successful in saving the integrity of the Roman Catholic Church, but states where the government adopted Protestantism remained. In order for the pope to succeed in reforming the Catholic Church, he would need support. Pope Paul Ill called the Council of Trend in December of 1 545 (History Learning Site, 2014).Although it took eighteen years to conclude, the Council of Trend proved to be the most important church council in a thousand years (Soppy, 2009, p. 264). The reform council was intended to examine doctrine and reform, and was responsi ble for the reaffirmation and clarification of major church doctrines. In order to please the Protestants, Charles V wanted abuses coked at in hopes it would bring them back to the church (History Learning Site, 2014). The council admitted to corrupt practices within the church and took stern measures to correct them.New laws were put in place to combat pluralism, simony, nepotism, immorality, and ignorance (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). Priests were no longer allowed to avoid church services with the reform of absenteeism. Also, the selling of indulgences was banned. While the church had gone through many reform councils, the Council of Trend was unique in the fact that so many of its decrees were carried UT and actual change was taking place in the church (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). The Council of Trend helped to solve internal problems of the Catholic Church.To improve the Catholic standing within the communities, a number of new religious orders started during the Counter-Reformation. While the founding of religious orders traditionally brought about renewal and reform for the Catholic Church, Pope Innocent Ill discouraged their establishment in 121 5 in order to gain greater control over the papacy (Soppy, 2009, p. 256). The first new order established was the Thinness. The Thinness were advocates for improvement of the Catholic Church and set an example of how good priests should live and work (History Learning Site, 2014).The Ursine was an order for women that promoted the education of women and children. Even some older orders responded by modernizing themselves (History Learning Site, 2014). Education proved to be a prominent aid as well in the Catholic Reformation. Igniting Loyola founded the Society of Jesus in 1540. Loyola ensured the Jesuits were highly disciplined, and education was at the heart of the movement (History Learning Site, 2014). After many years of training, a Jesuit was considered prepared to carry out his work.By Alloy's death in 1556, there we re thirty-five Jesuit colleges throughout Europe as a base for the Counter-Reformation and the society had grown to about one thousand members (Soppy, 2009, p. 260). In the sixteenth century, the Catholic Reformation began when the Roman Catholic Church was at risk of losing its religious control in Europe. The Counter-Reformation succeeded in reducing the spread of Protestantism in Europe and was able to renew the face of Catholicism by reforming and educating the clergy, and initiating new religious orders. 4.While women were often not allowed public roles during the Renaissance and Reformation periods, there were some examples of powerful or influential women in prominent public and leadership roles. Choose three of the following and discuss the roles these women played in shaping the society and culture of their age: Queen Elizabeth l, Catherine Domenici, SST. Teresa of Avail, Christine De Pizza, Artemisia Gentiles. During the Renaissance and Reformation period, women were often not allowed to pursue public roles. Opportunities for women were severely restricted, and few had a chance to receive a proper education.Fortunately, there are a few examples of powerful or influential women such as Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles, who played prominent roles in shaping the society and culture of their age. Queen Elizabeth I of England was the first daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bobble. Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, and she ruled for nearly 45 years. Young Elizabeth acted swiftly, after taking the reins from her sister, to address the pressing issue of religion. At her first session in Parliament, Queen Elizabeth called for the passage of the Act of Supremacy, which re-established he Church of England (The Biography. Mom website, 2014). Elizabeth took a more moderate stance, hoping to appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. The Elizabethan settlement permitted the clergy to marry, but also continued the traditional Episcopa l system (Soppy, 2009, p. 244). Her reign is sometimes known as the Golden Age because of Elizabethan support of the arts. According to Soppy (2009), the England of Queen Elizabeth I featured remarkable literary talents such as William Shakespeare, the dramatist Christopher Marlowe, and poets Edmund Spencer, Sir Philip Sidney and his sister Mary (p. 46). When Spain set its sights on England, the English Ana was able to defeat the infamous Spanish Armada in 1588 (The Biography. Com website, 2014). Elizabeth also sponsored new efforts for colonization of the New World. Queen Elizabeth I provided England with a long period of stability and consistency. Christine De Pizza was an influential writer who advocated women's rights during the Northern Renaissance. As Soppy (2009) explains, few French writers had such a significant impact on the modern world as Christine De Pizza (p. 141).Pizza was not only the first woman to write professionally, but she was also the first enemies to be publi shed (Soppy, 2009, p. 141). Pizza began writing to support her family after her father and husband died. Her most important work, The Book of the City of Ladies, described a world in which women were capable of doing all the work necessary to run a city (Soppy, 2009, p. 143). The book was revolutionary and was written to combat the traditional ideas that people had about women's nature. Christine De Pizza was an influential figure who proved women could be independent and have a voice in a man's world.Artemisia Gentiles was one of the most prominent female artists of her time. Gentiles was trained by the endowed master Carving, who influenced her use of light and shade to heighten emotions and her strong sense of composition (Soppy, 2009, p. 103). In 1611, one of her teachers and a friend of her father's, Stagnation Tasks, raped seventeen-year-old Gentiles. Gentiles maintained during the seven-month trial, in which she was tortured with thumbscrews that Tasks was guilty of the crime (Soppy, 2009, p. 103).This traumatic event also seems to have influenced the subject matter of her paintings. Gentiles clearly identified herself with Judith, a strong, biblical heroine (Soppy, 2009, p. 104). Artemisia Genteelness's extraordinary work helped other women artists to enter a male-dominated field. While women faced many difficulties during the Renaissance and Reformation period, some were able to overcome the obstacles. Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles all overcame personal and societal struggles and played significant roles in influencing the society and culture of their age. . Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, what was humanism, and what role did humanism and humanists play in Renaissance society and culture? In what ways did Italian Renaissance humanism differ from the animus of Northern Europe? For centuries, mankind looked to religion and the Catholic Church for guidance and answers. In the fourteenth century, when a cultu ral movement known as the Renaissance began in Italy, the qualities of humanism became more prominent. Instead of seeking supernatural explanations, humanists were using scientific and rational analysis.Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, humanism was a movement that celebrated the revival of classical study. Humanism played a pivotal role in the Italian Renaissance, influencing society and culture through art, architecture, and literature. Humanism had a profound effect on art during the Renaissance period. Painters and sculptors began to focus more on the beauty, especially of the male human body. Michelangelo David boldly glorifies the naked human body (Soppy, 2009, p. 111). David was no longer a small effeminate boy, but a giant muscular hero.Paintings such as Michelangelo The Last Judgment also show a sharp contrast to the Middle Ages. â€Å"Medieval depictions of the last Judgment generally showed figures dressed according to their social rank with Christ, the Virg in, and the apostles enthroned in heaven (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). Michelangelo painting illustrates mostly undressed figures grouped together around Christ. Michelangelo even included a self-portrait as SST. Bartholomew, who was flayed alive (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). The Renaissance period also saw a rise in portraits.In the Middle Ages, to commission a portrait of oneself was considered prideful and vain (Soppy, 2009, p. 99). With humanism shaping the Renaissance, this all changed and prominent individuals wanted to be amortized in paintings and sculptures. Just as the paintings and sculptures became more beautiful during the Renaissance, so did the architecture. The architect Leon Battista Alberta â€Å"called for the building of beautiful cities worthy of humiliatingly inclined men and women of virtue† (Soppy, 2009, p. 112).Alberta felt that architecture should be a social art, and each building should be planned in relation to its social functions and setting (Soppy, 2009, p. 11 2). While architects still used and modified classical models, they felt free to make exciting innovations (Soppy, 2009, p. 87). Architecture of the Renaissance boldly departed from medieval styles and conventions. Likewise, literature written during the Italian Renaissance was beginning to change. Writers such as Niccole Machiavelli attempted to understand human nature. While medieval political theorists were under the agreement that politics was a branch of ethics.Niccole Machiavelli in his political book The Prince argues that since people are basically bad, rulers may have to behave inappropriately as well (Soppy, 2009, p. 81). In addition to Latin, which was the language of the Church, humanist writers began to use the vernacular. Italian Renaissance humanism differed from the humanist movement that developed in Northern Europe. While both shared a revival of classical learning, rather humanists were driven by religious ideals. Northern humanists placed more of an emphasis on m an being the highest of God's creatures (Nickels, 2000). Renaissance How Did the Renaissance Change Man's View of Man? The Renaissance was a period of big change peasants become more self-sufficient. More and in European history. It was a time of intellectual more serfs gained their freedom and no longer excitement, when art and literature blossomed depended on lords. Some freed serfs migrated and groundbreaking scientific advances were made. Over the course of about 300 years , the Renaissance spread from its home base in Italy to western and northern Europe. The effect was like a sunrise making its way across the land.To understand the changes the Renaissance produced, it helps to review what European society was like before it arrived. The time period before the Renaissance is usually called the Middle Ages, which stretched from the fall of the Roman Empire around 500 CE to about 1350. During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope were the primary players in Europe. The custodians of culture -that is, the people who owned most of t he books and made handwritten copies of the Bible -were priests who often lived a closed existence inside the walls of monasteries.School s were few. Illiteracy was widespread. Most of the population, more than 85 percent, was peasant farmers called serfs who worked for a lord and his estate. Serfs were little more than slaves. Both serfs and their masters looked to the Catholic Church and the Bible to explain the world. The art and literature that existed focused on Jesus Christ and sin. In the sass, important changes began to happen. Improved farming methods helped to towns, where they took up trades. The number of merchants and bankers increased.Since these people needed to have an education to effectively carry on their work, literacy spread. Eventually, educated people began to question the teachings of the Church. A movement called humanism developed, which praised the beauty and intelligence of the individual. As more people became educated, humanism worked its way into the a rts, literature, the sciences, and medicine. The early Renaissance was especially vigorous in the city-states of Italy -places like Rome, Venice, Florence, and Milan.The invention of he printing press in the mid-sass gave the Renaissance and humanism even more momentum. Initially, the Remains seance was an upper-middle class movement, but thanks to the mechanization of printing, shopkeepers and street sweepers were able to afford books and articles that discussed the new ideas spreading across Europe. As a result, people started to look at themselves in a new way. But what, exactly, was this new way? Examine the documents that follow and answer the question: How did the Renaissance change man ‘s view foeman ? Renaissance Renaissance 14th-17th Century -meaner â€Å"revival†, also, ‘rebirth' revival of interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture, humanist scholars attempted to rid feudal Europe of Church domination and conservatism -old sciences revived, new science emerged -national languages and cultures took shape, free from Roman Church authority—art and literature flourished -began in Florence Italy, spread to all of Europe Due to its geographic position, foreign trade and commerce developed in Italy. – accumulation of wealth Rise of Humanism As wealth accumulated in Italy, an increased interest in other things.Nun, academies, libraries, study. Time and money for things of beauty. Intellectuals freed from training of priests and spreading Christian faith, began to represent the views of the bourgeoisie, providing middle class with new philosophies and ideas – . –heart humanist philosophy † The greatness of man†. See page 131, Shakespeare quotation —promotion of wealth, pleasure, admiration for human body medieval brooding about death and ‘other world' replaced by interest in living for resent and future progress of mankind.Literature Vacation â€Å"Dodecahedron†-tale of 7 women and 3 men on way to escape Black Death. Witty, naughty, praise of true love, wisdom. Began to express the voices of modern society. Considered greatest prose achievement in medieval literature. Patriarch- â€Å"Canneries† book of lyrical songs. His works expressed ‘true' emotions. Art A break with medieval tradition at end of 13th c. Slowed up by Black Death. Revived Early 1 5th century, a decided break with medieval tradition. -art broke away fromChurch domination –artists, considered craftsman by church, became distinct class like writers and poets—those considered to do ‘noble' work. —themes once focused on Bible, now reflected an interest/appreciation for all aspects of man and nature. Ref lected reality in depiction—muscles, sinews, and so on . Artists studied ruins of ancient roman and Greek temples, putting many of the perceived principles of ancient civilization into their works. Also, individual collectors began to support them—rather than Church exclusively. -introduced into the works, scientific theories and principles of anatomy and proportion. Early artists Sotto?more realistic depiction of space Donated—sculptor, sought to intro. Ancient principles into his work, also engaged in anatomy for knowledge of body. â€Å"David†, a biblical hero in perfect proportions. High Renaissance Leonardo dad Vinci â€Å"Renaissance man† Scientist, architect, engineer, sculptor. â€Å"Mona Lisa†, â€Å"Last Supper† 2 of the most famous paintings in world. Scientist, architect, engineer, sculptor.Michelangelo sculptor, painter, architect, poet went beyond decoration and realism, sought freedom of expression. â€Å"David†, â€Å"Sistine Chapel† Raphael Sweetness of temper, harmony, balance Series of Madonna paintings, † School of Athens†Ã¢â‚¬â€depicting Plato and Aristotle arguing, surrounded by audience in variety of postures. Titian Great colorist, became a model for the later modern mode of painting. Also established oil paint on canvas as the typical medium in western art â€Å"Reclining Nude†, â€Å"Sacred and profane love†.